A Brief History of Women in Higher Education

While more women than men have attended college in the U.S. since the late 1970s, female students were largely prevented from pursuing higher education until the 19th century. Before then, female seminaries were the primary alternative for women who wished to earn a higher degree. But women’s rights activists fought for higher education for female students, and college campuses turned out to be fertile ground for gender equality activism. Female Grads During the 17th and 18th Centuries Before the formal desegregation of mens and womens higher education, a small number of women graduated from universities. Most were from wealthy or well-educated families, and the oldest examples of such women can be found in Europe. Juliana Morell earned a law doctorate in Spain in 1608.Anna Maria van Schurman attended the university at Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1636.Ursula Agricola and Maria Jonae Palmgren were admitted to college in Sweden in 1644.Elena Cornaro Piscopia earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Padua, Italy, in 1678.Laura Bassi earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Bologna, Italy, in 1732, and then became the first woman to teach in an official capacity at any European University.Cristina Roccati received a university degree in Italy in 1751.Aurora Liljenroth graduated from college in Sweden in 1788, the first woman to do so. U.S. Seminaries Educated Women in the 1700s In 1742, the Bethlehem Female Seminary was established in Germantown, Pennsylvania, becoming the first institute of higher education for women in the United States. It was founded by the Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf, daughter of Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf, under his sponsorship. She was only 17 years old at the time.  In 1863, the state officially recognized the institution as a college and the college was then permitted to issue bachelor’s degrees. In 1913, the college was renamed the Moravian Seminary and College for Women, and, later, the institution became co-educational. Thirty years after Bethlehem opened, the Moravian sisters founded Salem College in North Carolina. It since became the Salem Female Academy and is still open today. Womens Higher Ed at the Turn of the 18th Century In 1792, Sarah Pierce founded the Litchfield Female Academy in Connecticut. The Rev. Lyman Beecher (father of Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Isabella Beecher Hooker) was among the lecturers at the school, part of the republican motherhood ideological trend. The school focused on educating women so that they could be responsible for raising an educated citizenry. Eleven years after Litchfield was established, Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, began admitting women. Fourteen men and 37 women graduated in the first class of students. In 1837, the school changed its focus to only admit women.   Options for Women During the 1820s In 1821, Clinton Female Seminary opened; it would later merge into the Georgia Female College. Two years later, Catharine Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary, but the school did not survive beyond the 19th century. Beechers sister, writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a student at Hartford Female Seminary and later a teacher there.  Fanny Fern, a children’s author, and newspaper columnist, also graduated from Hartford. Lindon Wood School for Girls was founded in 1827 and continued as Lindenwood University. This was the first school of higher education for women that was located west of the Mississippi. The next year, Zilpah Grant founded Ipswich Academy, with Mary Lyon as an early principal. The purpose of the school was to prepare young women to be missionaries and teachers. The school took the name Ipswich Female Seminary in 1848 and operated until 1876. In 1834, Mary Lyon established the Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts. She then started the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1837. Mount Holyoke received a collegiate charter in 1888, and today the schools are known as Wheaton College and Mount Holyoke College. Schools for Female Students During the 1830s Columbia Female Academy opened in 1833. It later became a full college and exists today as Stephens College. Now called Wesleyan, Georgia Female College was created in 1836 specifically so women could earn bachelor’s degrees. The following year, St. Mary’s Hall was founded in New Jersey as a female seminary. It is today a pre-K through high school named Doane Academy. More Inclusive Higher Ed From the 1850s Onward In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell graduated from Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York. She was the first woman in America admitted to a medical school and the first in the United States to receive a medical degree. The next year, Lucy Sessions made history when she graduated with a literary degree from Oberlin College in Ohio. She became the First African-American female college graduate. Oberlin was founded in 1833 and admitted four women as full students in 1837.  Only a few years later, more than a third (but less than half) of the student body were women. After Sessions earned her history-making degree from Oberlin, Mary Jane Patterson, in 1862, became the first African-American woman to earn a bachelors degree. Higher education opportunities for women really expanded during the late 1800s. The Ivy League colleges had been solely available to male students, but companion colleges for women, known as the Seven Sisters, were founded from 1837 to 1889.

The Culture s Past Gender Roles Essay - 946 Words

We are the ones who first ploughed the earth when Modise (God) made it, ran an old Setswana poem. We were the ones who made the food. We are the ones who look after the men when they are little boys, when they are young men, and when they are old and about to die. We are always there. But we are just women, and nobody sees us. This Setwannan poem informs the readers of the culture s past gender roles. Men were laborers and providers, they were the head of their household, and leaders of their community. In contrast, women were in the background raising the boys to become great strong men. It was the women low in regard and statute that they worked diligently in their homes and their fields. Nevertheless, many of times have their deeds gone unnoticed and unpraised. These gender roles were not limited to the men and women of Setswana, even in the United States were these gender roles also applied. In the 1960s , The Feminine Mystique caused women all over the nation to fulfill their d esire for more, likewise in South Africa and bordering countries. Along with the rise of feminism in the 1960s, misandristic feelings, behaviors, works, and statements has manifested and have been indoctrinating the masses. â€Å"I believe that women have a capacity for understanding and compassion which man structurally does not have, does not have it because he cannot have it. He s just incapable of it- Barbara Jordan.† This statement by former congresswoman and Civil Rights activist BarbaraShow MoreRelatedAn Examination Of Gender And Sexual Differences1191 Words   |  5 PagesA theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. (Webster Dictionary) Joyce Rosemary argues and sees it as an examination of gender (2013). 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Nestle Case Answer free essay sample

Saurav Mukherjee Course –PGDM (Marketing) SECTION – C Roll No. -10DM149 Answers for the Nestle Case Study 1. ) Companies like Nestle who deliver products like baby food supplements have an inherent ethical responsibility towards the society. Since their products have a lot of potential for creating health hazards these companies have to make sure that they promote their product through the right distribution channels. They should ensure that all of their products should carry a hologram and WHO certification to avoid spurious products. It becomes imperative for the company to try and spread more awareness amongst its target consumers so that they can use the product in an optimum way. The companies will have to also get cooperation from health care professionals to remove any kinds of ambiguity from the customers minds. 2. ) Steps Nestle could have taken to avoid the accusations of â€Å"The death of Third World babies† are as following:- * Nestle could have subsidized the prices of the infant food supplements in third world countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Case Answer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They could have also included a proper dietary chart along with the ideal weights of babies of specific age groups. * They should have taken a prior certification or approval from bodies like WHO in order to avoid future controversies during promotional activities. * They could have specified a period during which their products have to be consumed. * They could have included a scoop and mention the particular amount required for preparing the food supplement. * They should have included a chart of common symptoms for malnutrition in babies in maternity wards 3. In the future, going by Nestle’s experience Nestle or other companies can follow the following steps- * They should go for prior certification or approval from WHO and promote their products as infant nutritional supplements rather than as a complementary products. * Rather than opting for push strategy, they should go for pull strategy. * They should promote their products by informing their consumers about the prope r way for preparing it in order to reduce the chances of contamination. They should also provide a list of weaning foods which can be used as supplement for breast milk in case of the unavailability of their own formula. 4. ) Decisions taken by Nestle were not socially responsible while promoting the brand. The reasons for this are as given below which illustrates the fallacy of Nestle’s decisions. * Not educating customers before a new product launch. * Their promotional campaigns are over promised and hyped the product. * Local conditions were not taken care of. * The ads were not tailor made for local markets. * Pricing strategy was not correct for third world countries. . ) In light of new problem of HIV virus Nestle can take the following steps * Awareness campaigns on HIV and Breastfeeding to be conducted with the support from WHO regarding sanitary facilities and about the retroviral drugs taken through the pregnancy and breastfeeding stages. * Nestle should try to in crease their supply of powdered supplements in the most HIV infected nations. * Nestle could also conduct anonymous tests for mothers so that they don’t face social stigma. * Unaffected mothers should not be encouraged to shift to bottle feeding.